Implement "stage_file_with_retry" for robust file staging

[shunping]

Job creation involves staging multiple files (artifacts, pipeline proto, job file, template). While artifact staging has retry logic, these other types do not, leading to potential job failures due to transient service issues.

This commit introduces stage_file_with_retry, a new function with built-in retry logic. Several stage_file calls in apiclient.py have been replaced with this new function.

Internal bug id: 384579652.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 87.50000% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 57.14%. Comparing base (4a91890) to head (e891af8).
Report is 25 commits behind head on master.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
...apache_beam/runners/dataflow/internal/apiclient.py	87.50%	2 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##             master   #33436      +/-   ##
============================================
- Coverage     57.44%   57.14%   -0.30%     
  Complexity     1475     1475              
============================================
  Files           979      979              
  Lines        155237   155218      -19     
  Branches       1076     1076              
============================================
- Hits          89181    88705     -476     
- Misses        63840    64297     +457     
  Partials       2216     2216              

Flag	Coverage Δ
python	80.64% <87.50%> (-0.66%)	⬇️

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