llvm: fix targeting older macOS versions than the host

If you try to target a macOS version that is older than the host
machine, our config files will point to an SDK that is likely not
available on the host.[^1]

We can fix this by defaulting to the unversioned SDK in these cases.

[^1]: See, for example, #196344 (comment)

Formula/l/llvm.rb

@@ -490,7 +490,10 @@ def write_config_files(macos_version, kernel_version, arch)
 
     arches = Set.new([:arm64, :x86_64, :aarch64])
     arches << arch
-    sysroot = if macos_version >= "10.14" || (macos_version.blank? && kernel_version.blank?)
+
+    sysroot = if macos_version.blank? || (MacOS.version > macos_version && MacOS::CLT.separate_header_package?)
+      "#{MacOS::CLT::PKG_PATH}/SDKs/MacOSX.sdk"
+    elsif macos_version >= "10.14"
       "#{MacOS::CLT::PKG_PATH}/SDKs/MacOSX#{macos_version}.sdk"
     else
       "/"
@@ -627,15 +630,22 @@ def caveats
         system bin/"clang", "-v", "test.c", "-o", "testCLT"
         assert_equal "Hello World!", shell_output("./testCLT").chomp
 
-        target = "#{Hardware::CPU.arch}-apple-macosx#{MacOS.full_version}"
-        system bin/"clang-cpp", "-v", "--target=#{target}", "test.c"
-        system bin/"clang-cpp", "-v", "--target=#{target}", "test.cpp"
-
-        system bin/"clang", "-v", "--target=#{target}", "test.c", "-o", "test-macosx"
-        assert_equal "Hello World!", shell_output("./test-macosx").chomp
-
-        system bin/"clang++", "-v", "--target=#{target}", "-std=c++11", "test.cpp", "-o", "test++-macosx"
-        assert_equal "Hello World!", shell_output("./test++-macosx").chomp
+        [
+          "#{Hardware::CPU.arch}-apple-macosx#{MacOS.full_version}",
+          "#{Hardware::CPU.arch}-apple-macosx#{HOMEBREW_MACOS_OLDEST_SUPPORTED.to_i - 1}",
+          "#{Hardware::CPU.arch}-apple-macosx",
+          "#{Hardware::CPU.arch}-apple-macosx",
+          "#{Hardware::CPU.arch}-apple-darwin",
+        ].each do |target|
+          system bin/"clang-cpp", "-v", "--target=#{target}", "test.c"
+          system bin/"clang-cpp", "-v", "--target=#{target}", "test.cpp"
+
+          system bin/"clang", "-v", "--target=#{target}", "test.c", "-o", "test-macosx"
+          assert_equal "Hello World!", shell_output("./test-macosx").chomp
+
+          system bin/"clang++", "-v", "--target=#{target}", "-std=c++11", "test.cpp", "-o", "test++-macosx"
+          assert_equal "Hello World!", shell_output("./test++-macosx").chomp
+        end
       end
 
       # Testing Xcode