How to retrieve all virtual categories a product belongs to?

[DanieliMi]

I am trying to get the virtual categories a product belongs to. The background is that we have a product export which contains the categories of the product. Currently only the normal categories are retrieved based on \Magento\Catalog\Model\Product::getCategoryIds but we would like to include virtual categories as well.

Is there any possible way?

I couldn't come up with a way on how to get the virtual categories based on the product so I currently try to just iterate over all virtual categories and try to get their products. I am trying the following code based on #2268:

/** @var \Smile\ElasticsuiteVirtualCategory\Model\ResourceModel\VirtualCategory\Collection $categoryCollection */
$categoryCollection = $this->categoryCollectionFactory->create();
$categoryCollection->setStore($this->storeManager->getStore()->getId())
    ->addFieldToFilter('is_virtual_category', ['eq' => true])
    ->addFieldToFilter('is_active', ['eq' => true]);

/** @var Category $category */
foreach ($categoryCollection->getItems() as $category) {
    /** @var \Smile\ElasticsuiteCatalog\Model\ResourceModel\Product\Fulltext\Collection $productCollection */
    $productCollection = $this->productCollectionFactory->create();
    //$category->setData('virtual_rule');
    $productCollection->addQueryFilter($this->filterProvider->getQueryFilter($category));

    /** @var Product $product */
    foreach ($productCollection->getItems() as $product) {
        $this->productCategoryMap[$product->getSku()][] = $category->getId();
    }
}

But this gives me the following error most of the time:

Smile\ElasticsuiteCatalog\Model\ResourceModel\Product\Fulltext\Collection\Interceptor::addQueryFilter(): Argument #1 ($queryFilter) must be of type Smile\ElasticsuiteCore\Search\Request\QueryInterface, null given

$this->filterProvider->getQueryFilter($category) often returns null the Problem is that null is returned from the cache. I wonder why and tried to set 'virtual_rule' to null to force the generation. With setting it to null it works in way more cases but still not all. What's the issue here?