txn_test.go

/*
 * Copyright 2017 Dgraph Labs, Inc. and Contributors
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

package badger

import (
	"fmt"
	"io/ioutil"
	"math/rand"
	"strconv"
	"sync"
	"sync/atomic"
	"testing"
	"time"

	"github.com/dgraph-io/badger/v3/y"
	"github.com/dgraph-io/ristretto/z"

	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
)

func TestTxnSimple(t *testing.T) {
	runBadgerTest(t, nil, func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
		txn := db.NewTransaction(true)

		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
			k := []byte(fmt.Sprintf("key=%d", i))
			v := []byte(fmt.Sprintf("val=%d", i))
			require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(k, v)))
		}

		item, err := txn.Get([]byte("key=8"))
		require.NoError(t, err)

		require.NoError(t, item.Value(func(val []byte) error {
			require.Equal(t, []byte("val=8"), val)
			return nil
		}))

		require.Panics(t, func() { txn.CommitAt(100, nil) })
		require.NoError(t, txn.Commit())
	})
}

func TestTxnReadAfterWrite(t *testing.T) {
	test := func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
		var wg sync.WaitGroup
		N := 100
		wg.Add(N)
		for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
			go func(i int) {
				defer wg.Done()
				key := []byte(fmt.Sprintf("key%d", i))
				err := db.Update(func(tx *Txn) error {
					return tx.SetEntry(NewEntry(key, key))
				})
				require.NoError(t, err)
				err = db.View(func(tx *Txn) error {
					item, err := tx.Get(key)
					require.NoError(t, err)
					val, err := item.ValueCopy(nil)
					require.NoError(t, err)
					require.Equal(t, val, key)
					return nil
				})
				require.NoError(t, err)
			}(i)
		}
		wg.Wait()
	}
	t.Run("disk mode", func(t *testing.T) {
		runBadgerTest(t, nil, func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
			test(t, db)
		})
	})
	t.Run("InMemory mode", func(t *testing.T) {
		opt := getTestOptions("")
		opt.InMemory = true
		db, err := Open(opt)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		test(t, db)
		require.NoError(t, db.Close())
	})
}

func TestTxnCommitAsync(t *testing.T) {
	key := func(i int) []byte {
		return []byte(fmt.Sprintf("key=%d", i))
	}

	runBadgerTest(t, nil, func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
		txn := db.NewTransaction(true)
		for i := 0; i < 40; i++ {
			err := txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(key(i), []byte(strconv.Itoa(100))))
			require.NoError(t, err)
		}
		require.NoError(t, txn.Commit())
		txn.Discard()

		closer := z.NewCloser(1)
		go func() {
			defer closer.Done()
			for {
				select {
				case <-closer.HasBeenClosed():
					return
				default:
				}
				// Keep checking balance variant
				txn := db.NewTransaction(false)
				totalBalance := 0
				for i := 0; i < 40; i++ {
					item, err := txn.Get(key(i))
					require.NoError(t, err)
					val, err := item.ValueCopy(nil)
					require.NoError(t, err)
					bal, err := strconv.Atoi(string(val))
					require.NoError(t, err)
					totalBalance += bal
				}
				require.Equal(t, totalBalance, 4000)
				txn.Discard()
			}
		}()

		var wg sync.WaitGroup
		wg.Add(100)
		for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
			go func() {
				txn := db.NewTransaction(true)
				delta := rand.Intn(100)
				for i := 0; i < 20; i++ {
					err := txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(key(i), []byte(strconv.Itoa(100-delta))))
					require.NoError(t, err)
				}
				for i := 20; i < 40; i++ {
					err := txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(key(i), []byte(strconv.Itoa(100+delta))))
					require.NoError(t, err)
				}
				// We are only doing writes, so there won't be any conflicts.
				txn.CommitWith(func(err error) {})
				txn.Discard()
				wg.Done()
			}()
		}
		wg.Wait()
		closer.SignalAndWait()
		time.Sleep(time.Millisecond * 10) // allow goroutine to complete.
	})
}

func TestTxnVersions(t *testing.T) {
	runBadgerTest(t, nil, func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
		k := []byte("key")
		for i := 1; i < 10; i++ {
			txn := db.NewTransaction(true)

			require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(k, []byte(fmt.Sprintf("valversion=%d", i)))))
			require.NoError(t, txn.Commit())
			require.Equal(t, uint64(i), db.orc.readTs())
		}

		checkIterator := func(itr *Iterator, i int) {
			defer itr.Close()
			count := 0
			for itr.Rewind(); itr.Valid(); itr.Next() {
				item := itr.Item()
				require.Equal(t, k, item.Key())

				val, err := item.ValueCopy(nil)
				require.NoError(t, err)
				exp := fmt.Sprintf("valversion=%d", i)
				require.Equal(t, exp, string(val), "i=%d", i)
				count++
			}
			require.Equal(t, 1, count, "i=%d", i) // Should only loop once.
		}

		checkAllVersions := func(itr *Iterator, i int) {
			var version uint64
			if itr.opt.Reverse {
				version = 1
			} else {
				version = uint64(i)
			}

			count := 0
			for itr.Rewind(); itr.Valid(); itr.Next() {
				item := itr.Item()
				require.Equal(t, k, item.Key())
				require.Equal(t, version, item.Version())

				val, err := item.ValueCopy(nil)
				require.NoError(t, err)
				exp := fmt.Sprintf("valversion=%d", version)
				require.Equal(t, exp, string(val), "v=%d", version)
				count++

				if itr.opt.Reverse {
					version++
				} else {
					version--
				}
			}
			require.Equal(t, i, count, "i=%d", i) // Should loop as many times as i.
		}

		for i := 1; i < 10; i++ {
			txn := db.NewTransaction(true)
			txn.readTs = uint64(i) // Read version at i.

			item, err := txn.Get(k)
			require.NoError(t, err)

			val, err := item.ValueCopy(nil)
			require.NoError(t, err)
			require.Equal(t, []byte(fmt.Sprintf("valversion=%d", i)), val,
				"Expected versions to match up at i=%d", i)

			// Try retrieving the latest version forward and reverse.
			itr := txn.NewIterator(DefaultIteratorOptions)
			checkIterator(itr, i)

			opt := DefaultIteratorOptions
			opt.Reverse = true
			itr = txn.NewIterator(opt)
			checkIterator(itr, i)

			// Now try retrieving all versions forward and reverse.
			opt = DefaultIteratorOptions
			opt.AllVersions = true
			itr = txn.NewIterator(opt)
			checkAllVersions(itr, i)
			itr.Close()

			opt = DefaultIteratorOptions
			opt.AllVersions = true
			opt.Reverse = true
			itr = txn.NewIterator(opt)
			checkAllVersions(itr, i)
			itr.Close()

			txn.Discard()
		}
		txn := db.NewTransaction(true)
		defer txn.Discard()
		item, err := txn.Get(k)
		require.NoError(t, err)

		val, err := item.ValueCopy(nil)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		require.Equal(t, []byte("valversion=9"), val)
	})
}

func TestTxnWriteSkew(t *testing.T) {
	runBadgerTest(t, nil, func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
		// Accounts
		ax := []byte("x")
		ay := []byte("y")

		// Set balance to $100 in each account.
		txn := db.NewTransaction(true)
		defer txn.Discard()
		val := []byte(strconv.Itoa(100))
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(ax, val)))
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(ay, val)))
		require.NoError(t, txn.Commit())
		require.Equal(t, uint64(1), db.orc.readTs())

		getBal := func(txn *Txn, key []byte) (bal int) {
			item, err := txn.Get(key)
			require.NoError(t, err)

			val, err := item.ValueCopy(nil)
			require.NoError(t, err)
			bal, err = strconv.Atoi(string(val))
			require.NoError(t, err)
			return bal
		}

		// Start two transactions, each would read both accounts and deduct from one account.
		txn1 := db.NewTransaction(true)

		sum := getBal(txn1, ax)
		sum += getBal(txn1, ay)
		require.Equal(t, 200, sum)
		require.NoError(t, txn1.SetEntry(NewEntry(ax, []byte("0")))) // Deduct 100 from ax.

		// Let's read this back.
		sum = getBal(txn1, ax)
		require.Equal(t, 0, sum)
		sum += getBal(txn1, ay)
		require.Equal(t, 100, sum)
		// Don't commit yet.

		txn2 := db.NewTransaction(true)

		sum = getBal(txn2, ax)
		sum += getBal(txn2, ay)
		require.Equal(t, 200, sum)
		require.NoError(t, txn2.SetEntry(NewEntry(ay, []byte("0")))) // Deduct 100 from ay.

		// Let's read this back.
		sum = getBal(txn2, ax)
		require.Equal(t, 100, sum)
		sum += getBal(txn2, ay)
		require.Equal(t, 100, sum)

		// Commit both now.
		require.NoError(t, txn1.Commit())
		require.Error(t, txn2.Commit()) // This should fail.

		require.Equal(t, uint64(2), db.orc.readTs())
	})
}

// a3, a2, b4 (del), b3, c2, c1
// Read at ts=4 -> a3, c2
// Read at ts=4(Uncommitted) -> a3, b4
// Read at ts=3 -> a3, b3, c2
// Read at ts=2 -> a2, c2
// Read at ts=1 -> c1
func TestTxnIterationEdgeCase(t *testing.T) {
	runBadgerTest(t, nil, func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
		ka := []byte("a")
		kb := []byte("b")
		kc := []byte("c")

		// c1
		txn := db.NewTransaction(true)
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(kc, []byte("c1"))))
		require.NoError(t, txn.Commit())
		require.Equal(t, uint64(1), db.orc.readTs())

		// a2, c2
		txn = db.NewTransaction(true)
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(ka, []byte("a2"))))
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(kc, []byte("c2"))))
		require.NoError(t, txn.Commit())
		require.Equal(t, uint64(2), db.orc.readTs())

		// b3
		txn = db.NewTransaction(true)
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(ka, []byte("a3"))))
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(kb, []byte("b3"))))
		require.NoError(t, txn.Commit())
		require.Equal(t, uint64(3), db.orc.readTs())

		// b4, c4(del) (Uncommitted)
		txn4 := db.NewTransaction(true)
		require.NoError(t, txn4.SetEntry(NewEntry(kb, []byte("b4"))))
		require.NoError(t, txn4.Delete(kc))
		require.Equal(t, uint64(3), db.orc.readTs())

		// b4 (del)
		txn = db.NewTransaction(true)
		txn.Delete(kb)
		require.NoError(t, txn.Commit())
		require.Equal(t, uint64(4), db.orc.readTs())

		checkIterator := func(itr *Iterator, expected []string) {
			defer itr.Close()
			var i int
			for itr.Rewind(); itr.Valid(); itr.Next() {
				item := itr.Item()
				val, err := item.ValueCopy(nil)
				require.NoError(t, err)
				require.Equal(t, expected[i], string(val), "readts=%d", itr.readTs)
				i++
			}
			require.Equal(t, len(expected), i)
		}

		txn = db.NewTransaction(true)
		defer txn.Discard()
		itr := txn.NewIterator(DefaultIteratorOptions)
		itr5 := txn4.NewIterator(DefaultIteratorOptions)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"a3", "c2"})
		checkIterator(itr5, []string{"a3", "b4"})

		rev := DefaultIteratorOptions
		rev.Reverse = true
		itr = txn.NewIterator(rev)
		itr5 = txn4.NewIterator(rev)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"c2", "a3"})
		checkIterator(itr5, []string{"b4", "a3"})

		txn.readTs = 3
		itr = txn.NewIterator(DefaultIteratorOptions)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"a3", "b3", "c2"})
		itr = txn.NewIterator(rev)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"c2", "b3", "a3"})

		txn.readTs = 2
		itr = txn.NewIterator(DefaultIteratorOptions)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"a2", "c2"})
		itr = txn.NewIterator(rev)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"c2", "a2"})

		txn.readTs = 1
		itr = txn.NewIterator(DefaultIteratorOptions)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"c1"})
		itr = txn.NewIterator(rev)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"c1"})
	})
}

// a2, a3, b4 (del), b3, c2, c1
// Read at ts=4 -> a3, c2
// Read at ts=3 -> a3, b3, c2
// Read at ts=2 -> a2, c2
// Read at ts=1 -> c1
func TestTxnIterationEdgeCase2(t *testing.T) {
	runBadgerTest(t, nil, func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
		ka := []byte("a")
		kb := []byte("aa")
		kc := []byte("aaa")

		// c1
		txn := db.NewTransaction(true)
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(kc, []byte("c1"))))
		require.NoError(t, txn.Commit())
		require.Equal(t, uint64(1), db.orc.readTs())

		// a2, c2
		txn = db.NewTransaction(true)
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(ka, []byte("a2"))))
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(kc, []byte("c2"))))
		require.NoError(t, txn.Commit())
		require.Equal(t, uint64(2), db.orc.readTs())

		// b3
		txn = db.NewTransaction(true)
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(ka, []byte("a3"))))
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(kb, []byte("b3"))))
		require.NoError(t, txn.Commit())
		require.Equal(t, uint64(3), db.orc.readTs())

		// b4 (del)
		txn = db.NewTransaction(true)
		txn.Delete(kb)
		require.NoError(t, txn.Commit())
		require.Equal(t, uint64(4), db.orc.readTs())

		checkIterator := func(itr *Iterator, expected []string) {
			defer itr.Close()
			var i int
			for itr.Rewind(); itr.Valid(); itr.Next() {
				item := itr.Item()
				val, err := item.ValueCopy(nil)
				require.NoError(t, err)
				require.Equal(t, expected[i], string(val), "readts=%d", itr.readTs)
				i++
			}
			require.Equal(t, len(expected), i)
		}
		txn = db.NewTransaction(true)
		defer txn.Discard()
		rev := DefaultIteratorOptions
		rev.Reverse = true

		itr := txn.NewIterator(DefaultIteratorOptions)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"a3", "c2"})
		itr = txn.NewIterator(rev)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"c2", "a3"})

		txn.readTs = 5
		itr = txn.NewIterator(DefaultIteratorOptions)
		itr.Seek(ka)
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), ka)
		itr.Seek(kc)
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kc)
		itr.Close()

		itr = txn.NewIterator(rev)
		itr.Seek(ka)
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), ka)
		itr.Seek(kc)
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kc)
		itr.Close()

		txn.readTs = 3
		itr = txn.NewIterator(DefaultIteratorOptions)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"a3", "b3", "c2"})
		itr = txn.NewIterator(rev)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"c2", "b3", "a3"})

		txn.readTs = 2
		itr = txn.NewIterator(DefaultIteratorOptions)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"a2", "c2"})
		itr = txn.NewIterator(rev)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"c2", "a2"})

		txn.readTs = 1
		itr = txn.NewIterator(DefaultIteratorOptions)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"c1"})
		itr = txn.NewIterator(rev)
		checkIterator(itr, []string{"c1"})
	})
}

func TestTxnIterationEdgeCase3(t *testing.T) {
	runBadgerTest(t, nil, func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
		kb := []byte("abc")
		kc := []byte("acd")
		kd := []byte("ade")

		// c1
		txn := db.NewTransaction(true)
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(kc, []byte("c1"))))
		require.NoError(t, txn.Commit())
		require.Equal(t, uint64(1), db.orc.readTs())

		// b2
		txn = db.NewTransaction(true)
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(kb, []byte("b2"))))
		require.NoError(t, txn.Commit())
		require.Equal(t, uint64(2), db.orc.readTs())

		txn2 := db.NewTransaction(true)
		require.NoError(t, txn2.SetEntry(NewEntry(kd, []byte("d2"))))
		require.NoError(t, txn2.Delete(kc))

		txn = db.NewTransaction(true)
		defer txn.Discard()
		rev := DefaultIteratorOptions
		rev.Reverse = true

		itr := txn.NewIterator(DefaultIteratorOptions)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ab"))
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kb)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ac"))
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kc)
		itr.Seek(nil)
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kb)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ac"))
		itr.Rewind()
		itr.Seek(nil)
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kb)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ac"))
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kc)
		itr.Close()

		//  Keys: "abc", "ade"
		// Read pending writes.
		itr = txn2.NewIterator(DefaultIteratorOptions)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ab"))
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kb)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ac"))
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kd)
		itr.Seek(nil)
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kb)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ac"))
		itr.Rewind()
		itr.Seek(nil)
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kb)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ad"))
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kd)
		itr.Close()

		itr = txn.NewIterator(rev)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ac"))
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kb)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ad"))
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kc)
		itr.Seek(nil)
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kc)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ac"))
		itr.Rewind()
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kc)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ad"))
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kc)
		itr.Close()

		//  Keys: "abc", "ade"
		itr = txn2.NewIterator(rev)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ad"))
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kb)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ae"))
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kd)
		itr.Seek(nil)
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kd)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ab"))
		itr.Rewind()
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kd)
		itr.Seek([]byte("ac"))
		require.True(t, itr.Valid())
		require.Equal(t, itr.item.Key(), kb)
		itr.Close()
	})
}

func TestIteratorAllVersionsWithDeleted(t *testing.T) {
	test := func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
		// Write two keys
		err := db.Update(func(txn *Txn) error {
			require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry([]byte("answer1"), []byte("42"))))
			return txn.SetEntry(NewEntry([]byte("answer2"), []byte("43")))
		})
		require.NoError(t, err)

		// Delete the specific key version from underlying db directly
		err = db.View(func(txn *Txn) error {
			item, err := txn.Get([]byte("answer1"))
			require.NoError(t, err)
			err = txn.db.batchSet([]*Entry{
				{
					Key:  y.KeyWithTs(item.key, item.version),
					meta: bitDelete,
				},
			})
			require.NoError(t, err)
			return err
		})
		require.NoError(t, err)

		opts := DefaultIteratorOptions
		opts.AllVersions = true
		opts.PrefetchValues = false

		// Verify that deleted shows up when AllVersions is set.
		err = db.View(func(txn *Txn) error {
			it := txn.NewIterator(opts)
			defer it.Close()
			var count int
			for it.Rewind(); it.Valid(); it.Next() {
				count++
				item := it.Item()
				if count == 1 {
					require.Equal(t, []byte("answer1"), item.Key())
					require.True(t, item.meta&bitDelete > 0)
				} else {
					require.Equal(t, []byte("answer2"), item.Key())
				}
			}
			require.Equal(t, 2, count)
			return nil
		})
		require.NoError(t, err)
	}
	t.Run("disk mode", func(t *testing.T) {
		runBadgerTest(t, nil, func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
			test(t, db)
		})
	})
	t.Run("InMemory mode", func(t *testing.T) {
		opt := getTestOptions("")
		opt.InMemory = true
		db, err := Open(opt)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		test(t, db)
		require.NoError(t, db.Close())
	})
}

func TestIteratorAllVersionsWithDeleted2(t *testing.T) {
	runBadgerTest(t, nil, func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
		// Set and delete alternatively
		for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
			err := db.Update(func(txn *Txn) error {
				if i%2 == 0 {
					require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry([]byte("key"), []byte("value"))))
					return nil
				}
				return txn.Delete([]byte("key"))
			})
			require.NoError(t, err)
		}

		opts := DefaultIteratorOptions
		opts.AllVersions = true
		opts.PrefetchValues = false

		// Verify that deleted shows up when AllVersions is set.
		err := db.View(func(txn *Txn) error {
			it := txn.NewIterator(opts)
			defer it.Close()
			var count int
			for it.Rewind(); it.Valid(); it.Next() {
				item := it.Item()
				require.Equal(t, []byte("key"), item.Key())
				if count%2 != 0 {
					val, err := item.ValueCopy(nil)
					require.NoError(t, err)
					require.Equal(t, val, []byte("value"))
				} else {
					require.True(t, item.meta&bitDelete > 0)
				}
				count++
			}
			require.Equal(t, 4, count)
			return nil
		})
		require.NoError(t, err)
	})
}

func TestManagedDB(t *testing.T) {
	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "badger-test")
	require.NoError(t, err)
	defer removeDir(dir)

	opt := getTestOptions(dir)
	opt.managedTxns = true

	test := func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
		key := func(i int) []byte {
			return []byte(fmt.Sprintf("key-%02d", i))
		}

		val := func(i int) []byte {
			return []byte(fmt.Sprintf("val-%d", i))
		}

		require.Panics(t, func() {
			db.Update(func(tx *Txn) error { return nil })
		})

		err = db.View(func(tx *Txn) error { return nil })
		require.NoError(t, err)

		// Write data at t=3.
		txn := db.NewTransactionAt(3, true)
		for i := 0; i <= 3; i++ {
			require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(key(i), val(i))))
		}
		require.Error(t, txn.Commit())
		require.NoError(t, txn.CommitAt(3, nil))

		// Read data at t=2.
		txn = db.NewTransactionAt(2, false)
		for i := 0; i <= 3; i++ {
			_, err := txn.Get(key(i))
			require.Equal(t, ErrKeyNotFound, err)
		}
		txn.Discard()

		// Read data at t=3.
		txn = db.NewTransactionAt(3, false)
		for i := 0; i <= 3; i++ {
			item, err := txn.Get(key(i))
			require.NoError(t, err)
			require.Equal(t, uint64(3), item.Version())
			v, err := item.ValueCopy(nil)
			require.NoError(t, err)
			require.Equal(t, val(i), v)
		}
		txn.Discard()

		// Write data at t=7.
		txn = db.NewTransactionAt(6, true)
		for i := 0; i <= 7; i++ {
			_, err := txn.Get(key(i))
			if err == nil {
				continue // Don't overwrite existing keys.
			}
			require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(key(i), val(i))))
		}
		require.NoError(t, txn.CommitAt(7, nil))

		// Read data at t=9.
		txn = db.NewTransactionAt(9, false)
		for i := 0; i <= 9; i++ {
			item, err := txn.Get(key(i))
			if i <= 7 {
				require.NoError(t, err)
			} else {
				require.Equal(t, ErrKeyNotFound, err)
			}

			if i <= 3 {
				require.Equal(t, uint64(3), item.Version())
			} else if i <= 7 {
				require.Equal(t, uint64(7), item.Version())
			}
			if i <= 7 {
				v, err := item.ValueCopy(nil)
				require.NoError(t, err)
				require.Equal(t, val(i), v)
			}
		}
		txn.Discard()

		// Write data to same key, causing a conflict
		txn = db.NewTransactionAt(10, true)
		txnb := db.NewTransactionAt(10, true)
		txnb.Get(key(0))
		require.NoError(t, txn.SetEntry(NewEntry(key(0), val(0))))
		require.NoError(t, txnb.SetEntry(NewEntry(key(0), val(1))))
		require.NoError(t, txn.CommitAt(11, nil))
		require.Equal(t, ErrConflict, txnb.CommitAt(11, nil))
	}
	t.Run("disk mode", func(t *testing.T) {
		db, err := Open(opt)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		test(t, db)
		require.NoError(t, db.Close())
	})
	t.Run("InMemory mode", func(t *testing.T) {
		opt.InMemory = true
		opt.Dir = ""
		opt.ValueDir = ""
		db, err := Open(opt)
		require.NoError(t, err)
		test(t, db)
		require.NoError(t, db.Close())
	})

}

func TestArmV7Issue311Fix(t *testing.T) {
	dir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "")
	require.NoError(t, err)

	defer removeDir(dir)

	db, err := Open(DefaultOptions(dir).
		WithValueLogFileSize(16 << 20).
		WithBaseLevelSize(8 << 20).
		WithBaseTableSize(2 << 20).
		WithSyncWrites(false))

	require.NoError(t, err)

	err = db.View(func(txn *Txn) error { return nil })
	require.NoError(t, err)

	err = db.Update(func(txn *Txn) error {
		return txn.SetEntry(NewEntry([]byte{0x11}, []byte{0x22}))
	})
	require.NoError(t, err)

	err = db.Update(func(txn *Txn) error {
		return txn.SetEntry(NewEntry([]byte{0x11}, []byte{0x22}))
	})

	require.NoError(t, err)
	require.NoError(t, db.Close())
}

// This test tries to perform a GetAndSet operation using multiple concurrent
// transaction and only one of the transactions should be successful.
// Regression test for https://github.com/dgraph-io/badger/issues/1289
func TestConflict(t *testing.T) {
	key := []byte("foo")
	setCount := uint32(0)

	testAndSet := func(wg *sync.WaitGroup, db *DB) {
		defer wg.Done()
		txn := db.NewTransaction(true)
		defer txn.Discard()

		_, err := txn.Get(key)
		if err == ErrKeyNotFound {
			// Unset the error.
			err = nil
			require.NoError(t, txn.Set(key, []byte("AA")))
			txn.CommitWith(func(err error) {
				if err == nil {
					require.LessOrEqual(t, uint32(1), atomic.AddUint32(&setCount, 1))
				} else {

					require.Error(t, err, ErrConflict)
				}
			})
		}
		require.NoError(t, err)
	}
	testAndSetItr := func(wg *sync.WaitGroup, db *DB) {
		defer wg.Done()
		txn := db.NewTransaction(true)
		defer txn.Discard()

		iopt := DefaultIteratorOptions
		it := txn.NewIterator(iopt)

		found := false
		for it.Seek(key); it.Valid(); it.Next() {
			found = true
		}
		it.Close()

		if !found {
			require.NoError(t, txn.Set(key, []byte("AA")))
			txn.CommitWith(func(err error) {
				if err == nil {
					require.LessOrEqual(t, atomic.AddUint32(&setCount, 1), uint32(1))
				} else {
					require.Error(t, err, ErrConflict)
				}
			})
		}
	}

	runTest := func(t *testing.T, fn func(wg *sync.WaitGroup, db *DB)) {
		loop := 10
		numGo := 16 // This many concurrent transactions.
		for i := 0; i < loop; i++ {
			var wg sync.WaitGroup
			wg.Add(numGo)
			setCount = 0
			runBadgerTest(t, nil, func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
				for j := 0; j < numGo; j++ {
					go fn(&wg, db)
				}
				wg.Wait()
			})
			require.Equal(t, uint32(1), atomic.LoadUint32(&setCount))
		}
	}
	t.Run("TxnGet", func(t *testing.T) {
		runTest(t, testAndSet)
	})
	t.Run("ItrSeek", func(t *testing.T) {
		runTest(t, testAndSetItr)
	})
}

func TestTxnGetters(t *testing.T) {
	t.Run("TxnDiscarded", func(t *testing.T) {
		runBadgerTest(t, nil, func(t *testing.T, db *DB) {
			txn := db.NewTransaction(true)
			require.Equal(t, false, txn.Discarded())

			txn.Discard()
			require.Equal(t, true, txn.Discarded())
		})
	})
}